Abstract

Background: The rapid decline of indigenous languages represents one of the most pressing cultural and intellectual crises of the 21st century. Globally, nearly half of the world’s languages are projected to disappear within the next century, with Africa being particularly vulnerable due to its high linguistic diversity and limited documentation efforts. Materials and Methods: This study applies the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework to systematically examine indigenous language decline in Kenya, focusing on endangered languages such as Rendille, Elmolo, Yaaku, Ongamo, Dahalo, Suba, and Aweer. The review synthesizes literature published between 2000 and 2025 from major academic databases and institutional reports. The study addresses six thematic areas: conceptual foundations of language loss, status and classification of endangered languages, cultural assimilation and identity transformation, weakening intergenerational transmission systems, socio-cultural impacts, and revitalisation strategies. Results: Findings reveal that language decline in Kenya is driven by complex interactions between globalization, education systems, socio-economic mobility, and shifting identity patterns. The erosion of intergenerational transmission emerges as the most critical determinant of language survival. The consequences extend beyond communication loss to include the erosion of indigenous knowledge systems, cultural identity, and ecological wisdom. However, emerging revitalisation efforts—particularly those driven by communities and supported by digital technologies and policy reforms—offer viable pathways for preservation. Conclusion: The study concludes that sustainable language revitalisation in Kenya requires integrated approaches that combine community participation, educational reform, technological innovation, and institutional support.